Interviewing for the Future Essay Example for Free

Interviewing for the Future EssayInterviewing is considered by many people to be an art. As an adolescent, I never had the chance to interview someone before and it really made me have to expose myself to the world outside of my comfort zone. universe only eighteen years old, I cute to explore my proximo gondola career path a little much in depth from psyche who cuts the dramaturgy. I chose to do my interview on someone I admired off campus who oeuvres in my field of interest. As a freshman in college, most students put ont know which direction they want to go in, most of them are undeclared.Upon entering CCSU this fall I, too, was undeclared however, very recently I discovered that I wanted to trim in the field of dentistry. I noted that I wanted to talk to an expert, person who had been in the field for many years so I could adhere a concrete grasp on what a day-in-the-life was care. I dogged that I wanted to know more on the field and actioned an interview wit h Lyudmila Adamitskaya, a dental hygienist at Smiles for the Future a pediatric dentist office in Glastonbury, CT.Before I decided to conduct the actual interview, I did some basic background research on Smiles for the Future. I looked at their company website to get a sense of what the automatic teller machine was like. After I got the general idea of what the pediatric dentistry field was similar too, I brainstormed a variety of questions. I wanted to know what it was like for Lyudmila and what the work environment was like. I had already known quite a bit about the actual field itself, and I wanted to ascertain out amours about the pediatric dentistry field that a person couldnt read about in Chemistry books or through human body lectures.I wanted to discover why she liked her job and what she didnt like about her job. I desired to know the obstacles she had to overcome and if her expectations were fulfilled from what she had perceived them to be while in college. At first I couldnt find the respectable words to put down on paper earlier to the interview. From the in class essay we read The Art of Interviewing I took away a central register that really stood out to me, Substance is powerful to conduct a meaningful interview (Foster 1). This quote really jumped off the page for me because it made me think that if I didnt have the questions I wanted answered, and so what was the point of even doing the interview?This point certainly got me to brainstorm for quite a long time to get the right questions. I took away other point from the essay, If the interviewer already suspects what con decenniumt is coming then why conduct the interview? (Foster 1). This acknowledgement made me really concentrate on questions I could not possibly know the answers to, so that my interview would be meaningful to me and not just a waste of time. I knew that going into the interview, I was going to be nervous but I had no idea what was going to happen.On the afternoon of September 24th, 2012 I walked into the colorful pediatric office of Smiles for the Future in Glastonbury, CT. I anxiously waited until Mrs. Lyudmila Adamitskaya was finished with a small girl who looked as if she were around six or seven years old. I looked around at my surroundings and noticed many toys thrown about the waiting room. Normally, this wouldnt bother me, I love working with children however, today seemed different. I couldnt bug out what it was that bothered me so much about this but I was abruptly pulled out of my dream-like state when Mrs. Adamitskaya greeted me with a warm and cheery Hello The first thing I noticed about her was her bright purple scrubs. Her hair was neatly tied back and she had a professional, but friendly, demeanor about her. We shook men briefly and she invited me to come to the back, into room six.She invited me to sit in the patients chair, which was significantly smaller than I was and we shared a brief ice-breaking laugh at the situation . She asked me how old I was and I told her I was eighteen and conducting the interview for my English class. I also told her how I was considering going into the field of pediatric dentistry. Immediately, I axiom her face light up and I smiled at how much I could tell just from that simple body language she really enjoyed her job.I assailable up the interview with the most basic question I could think of what made you want to become a dental hygienist? She paused momentarily, trying to search for the right words, a puzzled yet relaxed expression on her face. Finally she stated with an enormous smile, I always wanted to work in the medical field or dental field to make a difference in peoples oral and overall wellness (Adamitskaya).Just that statement solo told me most of what I needed to know about Mrs. Adamitskayas attitude not only towards her patients, but towards all people. The statement told me that she genuinely cared how people were doing and she wanted to make a differ ence in the community. I nervously looked around the room at small stuffed animals and butterfly wallpaper and asked, Do you like your work environment? Mrs. Adamitskaya looked relieved and a little less under pressure. She quickly stepped back into the upbeat woman I first had seen and said, I love my work environment because I get to work with amazing doctors and team members who dedicate their work and knowledge to improve and educate people about oral health (Adamitskaya).This really perked my interest that she felt so strongly about the field and how much her doctors and co-workers cared for other patients as much as she did. I wanted to know more so I added Do you like your job? Whats the stovepipe and worst part about your job? She glanced around, looked at me and smiled. I dont like my job. She paused, gave me a strange look and continued, I love my job I love it because everything we do is for our patients and it brings positive feedback. It encourages patients to keep co ming back. Its always rewarding to work with patients and make a difference in peoples lives and build relationships.The worst part would be the cost of health insurance for families (Adamitskaya). I could sense she felt bad about the state of the economy, and briefly went on to discuss with me how unfortunate it is that most families struggle to put aliment on the table at night while balancing family and school life (Adamitskaya). When I saw how much this bothered her it made me eager to get more information on her personal background and struggles. I was nervous to ask at first, but my inner childs curiosity got the best of me and I rather excitedly asked What obstacles have you had to overcome to get where you are today? She laughed a little Im assuming at how broken I looked, I mustve been a little flushed because my face felt hot as I waited for an answer.She proudly said, Going through my college years, I didnt speak English until I came to America when I was 22 years old. I was raising two children, working sound time for nominal wage at Subway to put myself through school. I was trying to learn English and all the dynamics that go into a dental hygienics program at the same time. There were nights I didnt sleep, but I did it all to provide a better future for my family (Adamitskaya). It was at this point in the interview I really felt a huge personal connection with Mrs. Lyudmila Adamitskaya. I told her that I, myself, had been working two jobs and putting myself through college full time and she simply replied with a soft smile, All hard work has rewards (Adamitskaya).After this significant quote, Mrs. Adamitskaya wasnt just another dental hygienist I was interviewing she became somebody I truly admired. But I had to know if all that she worked for paid off for her and if in her heart her expectations were fulfilled. I asked, Were your expectations fulfilled when you entered your career field from what you image it would be like in college? She eagerly answered very quickly, Yes They were fulfilled for certain. I am very pleased with what I have achieved over the last ten years of working as a dental hygienist (Adamitskaya). When she said that her expectations were fulfilled, it somehow made me feel much more relaxed about the career path I had finally decided I wanted to go with.I then asked her what her opinion was on the industry in terms of job openings for after I completed college. She hesitated looking almost worried, and said, Its easier to find a part time job rather than a full time position because of the economy, but it is an ever growing field and will always expand (Adamitskaya). Her words had a way of relaxing me almost instantly. Mrs. Lyudmila Adamitskaya was definitely a woman who I would love to go back to for a second, third or even fourth interview with.She was extremely honest, kind and opened up her office doors to me in a very warm and friendly environment. I thanked her for meeting with me, shook he r hand again and told her that I would love to meet with her again in the future to talk about dental hygiene and the wonderful world of pediatric dentistry. She laughed at my humor and said to stay in school. I walked back to my car with a newtack together confidence in my ability to interview somebody.What I took away from this experience was not only how to interview a person I wanted to know more about, but how to go with the natural flow of conversation to fulfill my own curiosity. I had tons of questions lined up on paper, but I realized when I got back to my car that I hadnt asked any of the basic questions I had written on the paper. I found that it was much more natural to talk from what I honestly wanted to know than from what I brainstormed in the midst of cramming all of my homework into one night.I learned that interviewing really isnt as difficult as it had seemed before. It takes determination as well as a sense of confidence and curiosity in the subject to conduct a successful interview. Interviewing, from this experience, showed me that its not just about the answers, but how carefully the questions are tailored to how the person responds to a statement that is made. I learned that interviewing is truly an art form in itself.Work CitedAdamitskaya, Lyudmila. Personal Interview. 24 Sept, 2012.Foster, Linda. The Art of Interviewing. 25 Sept, 2012.

Relationships between Satisfaction with Life Essay Example for Free

Relationships amidst propitiation with Life EssayAbstract Satisfaction with feel is a concept highly valued in todays society. In an effort to understand mechanisms behind the breeding felicity, present acquire investigated the human relationships between companion subject network surface, optimism and painstakingness and the outcome variable, ecstasy with career. The four variables were heedful through the use of a survey. Participants were students from California State University, Fullerton.A correlational analysis of the data showed a signifi shagt validatory relationship between optimism, and conscientiousness and ecstasy with life. It was also prove that individuals with large affectionate network size were to a greater extent satisfied than those with small cordial network size. These dateings imply that improving levels of optimism and conscientiousness and increasing sensations social network can insure greater life delight.Relationships between S atisfaction with Life, Social Network Size,Optimism, and painstakingness Satisfaction with life is most often one of the greatest concerns of an individuals life. There is a general belief that an inability to discover satisfaction with ones life indicates an unsuccessful life. Because of this socially generated drive for satisfaction with life, one is made to wonder. What factors are related to the put through of life satisfaction? What variables are full predictors of life satisfaction? One suspected variable that would act as a steady-going predictor of satisfaction with life is social network size. A social network refers to an individuals link or relationship with other individuals. This link can cause certain social demeanor to be explained (Mitchell, 1969). Quinn, Gavigan, and Franklin (1980) defined social networks to be the social units an individual is placed in contact with. Quinn et al. (1980) studied the effects of social network interaction on life satisfaction in older growns. The findings indicated that social network interaction was not a good predictor of satisfaction with life. Another get wind conducted by bowl, Farquhar, ands physiognomy (1991) indicated that social network size is a poor indicator of life satisfaction. The study involved the participation of two types of individuals those who lived in rural neighborhoods and those who lived in urban neighborhoods. Bowling et al. (1991) noted larger reported social network sizes for individuals in the urban areas as opposed to those in the rural areas.Despite this difference in reported social network sizes, life satisfaction between the two groups was not found to be different. This may, however, bemuse been a result of difference in the levels of interaction available to individuals residing in the two areas. The insignificant findings may boast been a result of the inherent differences between neighborhoods and therefore not representative of the social network size of a gi ven individual. Optimism is a second variable deemed to be related to feelings of satisfaction with life. A greater sense of optimism allows one to lose an wit on life that allows for the consideration of the macrocosm as a generally positive place. Research exploring the life satisfaction felt by retired physicians showed that greater optimism resulted in a greater satisfaction with their life. (Austrom, Perkins, Damush, and Hendrie, 2003)In retired individuals, especially, optimism may be an essential variable for achieving life satisfaction as it may also be a coping mechanism to the sudden change in lifestyle for the said individuals. The retired physicians felt that the greatest challenge going against their satisfaction with life was in the loss of their professional roles, thus, optimism might book served as a form of mediation between the two stages of the transition. Having a positive outlook on the bureau their lives was going allowed these physicians to better accep t the end of their professional careers and to look forward to the beginning of their retired life.The probable importance of optimism as a mediator was also evidence by the fact that in the same study by Austrom et al. (2003) it was found that optimism didnt play as significant a role in find life satisfaction when it came to the physicians wives. This may have been due to the fact that they did not need to maintain a positive outlook to march on a sudden change in life roles. Optimism and not pessimism, which involves having a negative outlook on life, is found to be a greater predictor of life satisfaction. This was specifically found by a study conducted by Chang Sanna (2003). Thus in the present study, only the variable of optimism will be interpreted into consideration and not its counterpart, pessimism. Another variable that may show a relationship with an individuals satisfaction with life is the personality trait of conscientiousness. Conscientiousness has been investi gated by many look forers in terms of how well it predicts an individuals life satisfaction. This trait refers to an individuals raceency to be organized, diligent and secure in their behavior. (Chapman, Duberstein, and Lyness, 2007)Conscientiousness may have a role to play in satisfaction because conscientious individuals are able to have more vaned defenses and are also able to have a quality of life that is considered by most to be above par as they are able to have more responsibility and control over their health, their social interactions, and their general well-being (Chapman et al, 2007). It may well be that the same link can be found between conscientiousness and life satisfaction. If higher(prenominal) levels of conscientiousness indicate higher quality of life, it may also indicate greater degree of satisfaction with life as a result of the same mechanisms. A study by Lounsbury, Saudarga, Gibson, and Leong (2005) examined just this relationship. Through an inspection of the personality characteristics accounted for in the Big Five, it was found that conscientiousness along with extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, and openness to experience account for 45% of total perceived life satisfaction. Is conscientiousness, then, as a variable independent of the other personality traits in the Big Five, significantly related to satisfaction with life? The present study aims to investigate the relationships that exist between satisfaction with life and the three variables verbalise above social network size, optimism, and conscientiousness. Based on the empirical evidence provided by past literature, it is predicted that satisfaction with life will be significantly correlated to optimism and conscientiousness. A greater level of optimism and conscientiousness in an individual will indicate a greater satisfaction with life.Also, social network size is hypothesized to have no significant difference on satisfaction with life. The last hypothesis is ba sed on the findings of past literature. However, due to the questionable nature of past studies and how these bannerd social network against life satisfaction, the present studys hypothesis may turn out to be negated. It is hypothesized, then, that the variables of optimism and conscientiousness will have a significant and direct relationship with satisfaction with life while that of social network size will have no significant difference on satisfaction with life. mannerologyParticipants The participants of the study totaled 91 students, 23 (25.3%) of whom were male and 68(74.7%) of whom were female. (See Table 1 in Appendix for tabulated figures) All the participants were enrolled in Research Method in Psychology classes at the California State University, Fullerton.The ethnicity break down of the participants is the following African American 1.1%, Asian (Pacific Islander) 3.3%, Caucasian 49.5%, Hispanic 27.5%, Middle eastern 2.2%, Southeast Asian 2.2%, multiethnic 11%. 3.3% of the participants reported to having other types of ethnicity. (See Table 2 in Appendix for tabulated figures) The range in ages of the participants was from 19 years to 46 years. The mean age was 23 years old. (See Table 3 in Appendix for tabulated figures) None of the participants received incentive for their participation. There were no extra attribute or monetary compensations given in exchange for their contribution to the study.Materials or Measures Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS Watson, Clark, Tellegen, 1988). The PANAS measures trait negative affect or the affective well being of the participants. It is composed of a 10-item scale designed to measure typical experiences of negative affect. Participants are able to rate the extent to which they experience certain mood states such as distressed, upset, scared, and irritable. They are able to do this through the indicators of a 5-point scale (very slightly or not at all, a little, moderately, quite a bit , extremely). The participants were asked to indicate to what extent they felt each feeling or emotion listed during the past two weeks from the time of the survey. Satisfaction with Life measure (SWLS Diener, Emmons, Larsen Griffin, 1985) The SWLS is a global measure for subjective well-being and life satisfaction. Diener et al (1985) defined life satisfaction as a conscious cognitive purpose life. This entails an individuals comparison of their own life experiences with a self-set standard. The scale is composed of 5 items and utilizes a 7-point Likert-type scale (1-strongly disagree to 7-strongly agree). The items of the test included statements such as The conditions of my life are excellent and If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing. Possible total scores range from 5 to 35. A resulting score ranging from 5 to 19 signifies dissatisfaction while scores between 21-31 signify satisfaction. Life Orientation Test (LOT-R Scheier, Carver, Bridges, 1994) The LO T-R measures generalized optimism. The test is made up of 10 items. Participants will indicate the extent to which they agree with the 10 statements in the test through a 5-point Likert-type scale (0-strongly disagree to 4-strongly agree). The statements involved sentiments like in uncertain times, I usually expect the best. A participant can achieve a score from 0 to 24 with a higher score indicating greater levels of optimism. Big Five Inventory (BFI John, Donahue, Kentle, 1994) The BFI was used to assess the personalities of the participants with regards to the five aspects included in the big five namely extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. The BFI consists of 44 items that ask the participants to rank themselves on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1-disagree strongly to 5-agree strongly). The 44 items deal with different types of behavior related to the Big Five. For the present study, the BFI will be used to measure the variable of conscientiousness. BFI items related to conscientiousness included perseveres until the task is finished, is a reliable worker, and does things efficiently.Lubben Social Network ordered series (LSNS-6 Lubben Gironda, 2003) The LSNS-6 is a test of a set of questions realiseing ties with relatives and ties with non-relatives. Examples of these questions include How many relatives do you see or hear from at least once a month? and How many friends do you see or hear from at least once a month? The participant chooses one of the options available for each question. These answers have corresponding points. Total scores of the participants may range from 0 to 30. A higher score indicates a higher level of social network. For this research, the LSNS-6 was used to measure social network size. A high score in the LSNS-6 was taken to signify a larger social network size while a low score meant a little social network size.Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES Rosenberg, 1989) The RSES mea sures global self-esteem. The test is composed of 10 items. Responses are given on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1-strongly disagree to 5-strongly agree). A sampling question is At times I feel like I am no good at all.Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS Lyubominsky, and Lepper , 1999) The SHS measures global subjective happiness. The test consists of four items. Responses are given on a 7-point Likert-type scale (1-7). A exemplification question is Some people are generally very happy. They enjoy life regardless of what is going on, getting the most out of everything. To what extent does this motion-picture show describe you?Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ McCullough, Emmons, and Tsang, 2002) The gratitude questionnaire is a self-report test measurement global gratitude. The test consists of six items. Responses are given on a 7-point Likert-type scale (1-stronlgy disagree to 7-strongly agree). A sample item is If I had to list everything that I was grateful for, it would be a very long list.Tendency to Forgive Scale (TTF Brown, 2002) The TTF is a test measuring global forgiveness tendencies. The test consists of four items. Responses are given on a 7-point Likert-type scale (1-strongly disagree to 7-strongly agree). A sample item is I tend to get over it quickly when someone hurts my feelings.ProcedureQuestionnaires were handed out to all participants in their respective classrooms of Research Method in Psychology at the California State University, Fullerton. Participants were given instructions as a group and were told that participation in this study would be anonymous. It was also stated that they may voluntarily choose to participate and could withdraw at anytime. The whole session took about 15-30 minutes. Participants were provided informed consent prior to the administration of the test and were debriefed after they finished.ResultsThe results showed that individuals with a smaller social network size (mean=4.10) were significantly less satisfied compared to those with life larger social network size (mean=5.05 t(89)= -3.79, p.001). There was a noted positive correlation between optimism and satisfaction with life (r = 0.543, p = 0.01). A positive correlation was also found between conscientiousness and satisfaction with life (r = 0.222, p = 0.05)Discussion The main purpose of this research was to establish whether a relationship existed between satisfaction with life and optimism, and satisfaction with life and conscientiousness. Another purpose was to establish whether social network size made a difference to satisfaction with life. The original hypothesis of the study stated that a significant positive relationship would be found between satisfaction with life and optimism as well as between satisfaction with life and conscientiousness. It was also hypothesized that social network size would not have a significant difference on satisfaction with life. The hypotheses of the present study were based on the findings of past researche s. (Quinn et al, 1980 Bowling et al, 1991 Austrom et al, 2003 Chang and Sanna, 2003 Chapman et al, 2007 Lounsbury et al, 2005)The results of the current study show that there is a significantly positive relationship between satisfaction with life and two variables it was compared against, namely, optimism and conscientiousness. Results also showed a significant difference with social network size and satisfaction with life. The initial hypotheses for optimism and conscientiousness were supported. The hypothesis regarding social network size, however, was rejected by the statistical results. The findings on optimism and conscientiousness validate past research findings. These showed that greater optimism in life contributed to greater satisfaction with life (Austrom et al., 2003).Optimism was also found to be a good predictor of life satisfaction (Chang and Sanna, 2003). Past findings established conscientiousness to be a contributing factor to life satisfaction (Lounsbury et al, 200 5) as well as a variable straight related to higher quality of life ratings (Chapman et al., 2007). The findings on social network size, on the other hand, disagree with past research findings where social network interaction was not found to be related to life satisfaction (Quinn et al., 1980) and where the size of the individuals social network was determined to be a pestiferous predictor of life satisfaction (Bowling et al., 1991).Optimism may be able to affect life satisfaction positively due to the fact that a positive outlook on life can also cause a better assessment of past experiences not just of present circumstances. If one is able to achieve a better disposition towards life, the tendency to overlook the negativity that will detract from satisfaction felt towards life will be greater. This shows that the statistical signification of optimism (r=0.543, p=0.01) with satisfaction with life is warranted.Conscientiousness, on the other hand, was also positively correlated to (r=0.035, p=0.05) with satisfaction with life. This may be due to the fact that conscientiousness indicates a better ability to handle life experiences. Conscientiousness, as defined in the Big Five Inventory (Donahue et al., 2001), entails caution, dependability, organization and responsibility. These characteristics when applied to the everyday behavior and experiences of an individual are most likely to indicate an individual who achieves success.People who are more cautious, more dependable, more organized, and more responsible are the ones who are achievers in human society. It may be that the success and achievement linked with conscientious people is also the link that sustains their satisfaction with life. This is not to say that individuals deemed to have low conscientiousness are not likely to feel satisfaction with life. The findings only suggest that a high level of conscientiousness predicts life satisfaction to great extent.The discussion of how social network size is related to satisfaction with life should be done with care. The fact that previous research found no significant difference between social network and life satisfaction may have been due to the inadequacy of measurement with the past research. Quinn et al. (1980), for example, concentrated on the interaction that occurred in social network and not size. This meant that Quinn et al. (1980) focused on the quality of the individuals social network and not on the quantity.Bowling et al. (1991), on the other hand, compared two different localities and this is what might have caused the inconsistencies in their findings concerning social network size and life satisfaction. Inherent characteristics of urban and rural locations could have played into action and caused the insignificant findings. For the present study, however, the significant difference between social network size and life satisfaction makes sense especially because social network size is also an indicator of an individu als degree of social interaction as well as sources of social support both(prenominal) of which are essential in an individuals development.The findings of this study are limited because of the small sample size used. A bigger sample that is more representative of the general population should be used in future research. In addition, only a few variables concerning satisfaction with life were investigated. Future research should incorporate more variables that may affect life satisfaction into the study. The variables of social support, social interaction, and pessimism are a few of the factors that should be investigated. The significant relationship between social network size and life satisfaction should also be validated by future studies as the results in this study are not in agreement with previous works.The implications of the study are far-reaching. Establishing the relationships existing between life satisfaction, optimism, and conscientiousness allows different clinician s and practitioners in the healthcare system a fortune to remediate their handling of clients with low satisfaction with life.This may most likely involve older adults. Because satisfaction with life in itself is a concept that health-care workers find hard to deal with, finding other personality traits and variables that are related to it enables these workers an alternative in aiding these types of patients. Increasing optimism and improving conscientiousness in an individual can help to increase their satisfaction with life. In addition, increasing the size of the clients social network will improve their satisfaction with life.The present studys findings can also be expanded to teachers in the field of education. Satisfaction of their students can be increased by allowing them to feel more rose-colored about their activities also by guiding them to be more conscientious in their behavior. Also, increasing opportunities for students to enlarge their social networks can also he lp these students improve their feelings of satisfaction with life.ReferencesAustrom, M.G., Perkins, A. J., Damush, T. M., Hendrie, H. C. (2003). Predictors of life satisfaction in retired physicians and spouses. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38, 134-141Bowling, A., Farquhar, M., Browne, P. (1991). Life satisfaction and associations with social network and support variables in three samples of senile people. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 6, 549-566Brown, R. (2003). Measuring individual differences in the tendency to forgive construct validity and links with depression. Society forPersonality and Social Psychology, 29, 759-771Chang,E.C., Sanna, L. J.(2003). Optimism, accumulated life stress, and psychological and physical adjustment is it always adaptive to expect the best?Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,22,97-115.Chapman, B., Duberstein, P., Lyness, J. M. (2007). Personality traits, education, and health-related quality of life among ol der adult primary care patients. Journals of Gerontology series B psychological sciences and social sciences, 62B, 343-352Diener, E., Emmons, R., Larsen, R. J., Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., Kentle, R. (1991). The Big Five Inventory Versions 4a and 54. technical Report, Institute of Personality Assessment and Research, Berkeley, CA University of California, Berkeley.Lounsbury, J. W., Saudarga, R. A., Gibson, L. W., Leong, F. T. (2005). An investigation of broad and narrow personality traits in relation to general and domain specific live satisfaction of college students. Research in Higher Education,46, 707-729Lubben, J. E., Gironda, M. W. (2003a). Centrality of social ties to the health and well-being of older adults. In B. Berkman L. K. Harooytan (Eds.), Social work and health care in an aging world (pp. 319-350). New York SpringerLyubomirsky, S., Lepper, H. S.(1999). A measur e of subjective happiness Preliminary reliability and construct validation.Social Indicators Research,46,137-155.Mancini, J. A., Quinn, W., Gavigan, M. A., Franklin, H. (1980). Social network interaction among older adults implications for life satisfaction. Human Relations, 33, 543-554McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112-127.Mitchell, J. C. (1969) The concept and use of social networks. In Social Networks in Urban Situations Analysis of Personal Relationships in Central African Towns Ed. J.C. Mitchell. Manchester Manchester University PressRosenberg, Morris. (1989). Society and the adolescent self-image. Revised edition. Middletown, CT Wesleyan University Press.Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem) A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063-1078.Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54,1063-1070.

Mechanisms of V.cholerae Cytolysin (VCC)

Mechanisms of V.cholerae Cytolysin (VCC)V.cholerae cytolysin (VCC) is a telephone exchangeize-forming toxin secreted by many pathogenic notes of the Gram-negative bacteria V.cholerae the anorexigenic pathogen of diarrheal disease cholera. VCC ostentation potent cytotoxic natural process against the erythrocytes and mammalian prison cells. It is also describe to possess enterotoxin activity in terms of inducing spread over fluid accumulation in the rabbit ileal eyelets. Based on these observations, VCC has been believed as a potential virulence factor of V.cholerae. VCC, in particular, secreted by the pathogenic strain lacking cholera toxin, the primary virulence factor of V.cholerae that responsible for inducing the massive dehydrating diarrhea disease during V.cholerae infection.VCC is encoded by the hlyA gene prepareer in V.cholerae chromosome two. VCC toxin is synthesized as a 81 kDa protein, called Pre-Pro-VCC. During the secretion of toxin, the N-terminal signal pepti de composed of 25-residue is removed to generate a non available precursor form of the VCC molecule, named as Pro-VCC. Following, 15 kDa N-terminal sequences from Pro-VCC is proteolytically deleted that resulting the formation of the operating(a) come on form of the toxin. Proteolytic activation of the toxin is mediated by the HA/protease, which dis turn of events the major extracellular proteolytic activity of V.cholerae. Conversion from Pro-VCC into the mature resign of the VCC puke also be obtained in vitro by other proteases like trypsin, chymotrypsin, and subtilisin. It has been reported that the activation of the Pro-VCC can be resulted by the proteolytic activity of the proteases present on the surface of the tail host cell tissue layer as well.Functional mature form of the toxin has been displaying to induce lysis of the erythrocytes and other eukaryotic cells by generating the heptameric oligomeric stoma organise of 1-2 nm diameters. The functional tissue layer p ermeabilization ability of the toxin could also be resembled in the tissue layer lipid bilayer of the synthetic liposomes. A grand with its membrane permeabilization activity, VCC toxin also displayed a prominent lectin-like activity by masking to the complex glycoproteins and glycolipids with the terminal 1-galactosyl component. VCC is characterized as a member of -PFTs and reported that the toxin follow the overall scheme of the generalized -PFT room of action. morphological Features of VCCVCC is secreted as a pissing-soluble monomeric form of the toxin, which after the removal of the N-terminal Pro- forgivingkind gets converted into the mature functional form of the molecule. VCC induces lysis of its target cells by generating heptameric oligomeric stomates on the membrane. The high-resolution social organization of the water-soluble, monomeric precursor state Pro-VCC toxin has been determined. Heptameric transmembrane structure of the VCC has also been determine recently. some(prenominal) previous studies confirmed that the VCC is a -PFTs family member, and the toxin employed pore-forming activity by generating the transmembrane heptameric -barrel pores on the target cell membrane. Consistent with the -PFTs tramsmembrane pore structure, pore complex of VCC represent a mushroom-shaped organization, which can be divided into two parts (a) transmembrane b-barrel geomorphological, and (b) membrane interacting rim worldly concern. Structural analysis of the VCC molecule highlights many unique features which are not reported in the archetypical member of -PFTs family. Consistent with the structural of archetypical -PFTs, VCC harbors a central cytolysin firmament that constitutes the core structure of the mushroom-shaped oligomeric transmembrane pore structure. The cytolysin ambit contains the pore-forming stem- enlace of the toxin. Apart from cytolysin domain, VCC structure also contains three additional structural domain which are not ordinarily doc umented in any other member of b-PFTs family an N-terminal Pro-domain in the in progressive Pro-VCC precursor state of the toxin, and two lectin-like domain name -Trefoil domain and -Prism lectin-like domain at the C-terminal side of the cytolysin domain.Cytolysin domainThe VCC molecular structure contains 325 amino acid long cytolysin domain that structurally similar with the cytolysin domains present in the member of -PFTs like S. aureus -hemolysin. Cytolysin domain of the VCC during the membrane pore-formation process inserts its pre-stem region into the lipid bilayer and generates -barrel structure on the membrane and provides the central scaffold of the pore structure. VCC generate mushroom-shaped oligomeric transmembrane pore structures that can be bar into two major parts (a) transmembrane region that make the -barrel pore structure, and, (b) membrane interacting rim-domain that interact with the membrane surface. The membrane inserted -barrel structure of the VCC pore struc ture is composed solely of the central cytolysin domain of the toxin. Notably, the majority of the rim-domain is also generated by the cytolysin domain.Cytolysin domain of the toxin harbors the 42-residue long pore-forming loop loop that involve in the formation of the transmembrane -barrel pore structure. In the water soluble monomeric form of the toxin, this region remains completely folded against the cytolysin domain, in the form of a so named pre-stem motif. During the process of the functional pore-formation, the pre-stem loop from each of the participating protomers undergoes broad structure recognition to obtain a so-called stem configuration, and inserted into the lipid bilayer of the membrane. Stem region from each of the protomers contributes two -strands towards the formation of the stem region of the heptameric -barrel pore structure. Heptameric oligomer highlights that the stem regions make the extensive interaction betwixt the neighboring protomers and hence contrib ute towards the robust stability of the transmembrane oligomeric assembly. Apart from the pore-forming stem-loop segment, other part of the cytolysin domain contains the membrane-proximal rim-domain of the transmembrane pore structure. Structural analysis of the -PFTs pore, suggests that the membrane-proximal rim-domain work as the structure motif for transmembrane pores. Rim-domain acts as structural scaffolds that mediate interaction of the protein with the lipid head-group of the target membrane lipid bilayer. Cytolysin domain of the VCC contributes towards the interaction of the toxin with the lipid head-group of the membrane.Pro-domainAs mentioned previously, VCC toxin is secreted by yet bacteria as the water-soluble inactive precursor state called Pro-VCC. The high resolution three-dimensional structure of Pro-VCC molecule shown the carriage of 15 kDa Pro-domain, which make contact to the N-terminal of the core cytolysin domain through a 29-residue long flexible linker.The l inker region harbors amino acid long structural motif that act as the cleavage site(s) for a group of proteases. Proteolytic removal of the Pro-domain at this linker sequence resulted in the generation of a mature form of the toxin. The presence of the Pro-domain in the precursor form of the toxin has been reported to be censorious for the efficient secretion and the appropriate folding of the VCC molecule. One earlier teach has been reported that the recombinant V.cholerae cells, containing the deleted variant of hlyA gene lacking the sequence for the Pro-domain, unable to secrete the protein outside the bacterial cells. In vitro denaturation/renaturation, assay have demonstrated that without the Pro-domain VCC fails to refold back to its active conformation, whereas Pro-VCC can obtain proper refolding. Recent study on Pro-domain, suggested that the presence of Pro-domain increase the unfolding property of the Pro-VCC molecule in response to many denaturing conditions, whereas m ature active form of the toxin display considerable resistant towards the unfolding of the toxin. Overall, these studies suggested, the Pro-domain show an intramolecular chaperone-like activity in term of providing significant level of structural malleability in the VCC structure, which probably essential for the efficient secretion of the toxin in its precursor from across the bacterial membrane. However, its not clear so far how the presence of the Pro-domain keep the protein in its precursor form.-Trefoil lectin-like domainVCC harbors a -Trefoil lectin-like domain ( 15 kDa) at the C-terminal edge of the center cytolysin domain. This -Trefoil lectin-like domain is also present in associate cytolysin from Vibrionaceae bacteria, but not present in the archetypical -PFTs protein for example S. aureus -hemolysin. The -Trefoil lectin-like domain is associated with the cytolysin domain through a short linker sequence constitute of Gly-Gly-Arg-Pro. The -Trefoil lectin-like domain of VC C display structural similar to the bread-interacting domain of the plant toxin ricin, and featured the presence of the QXW conserved carbohydrate-interacting motif (s) observed in the archetypical -Trefoil lectin domains of carbohydrate binding lectins. However, the carbohydrate binding propensity of the -Trefoil domain of VCC has not been elucidated. Also, the implications of the -Trefoil domain in the structure-function mechanism of the VCC need to be explored in future.-Prism lectin-like domainThe VCC harbors an additional 15 kDa domain that is linked to the C-terminal of the -Trefoil domain through the long linker sequence.This domain is not present in any other member of the -PFTs family, including the cytolysin secreted by V.vulnificus and Aeromonas hydrophilia.The C-terminal domain of the VCC display structural similarity to some(prenominal) -Prism lectins including jacalin and Maclura pomifera agglutinin (MAP). VCC -Prism lectin-like domain possess a binding pocket simil ar to the carbohydrate-binding site of the jacalin and MPA lectins. Recently, we have conclusively established the role of -Prism domain in the lectin activity of the toxin. In the absence of the -Prism domain, VCC toxin did not show lectin activity towards -1 galactosyls terminated glycoconjugates. We have identified the critical site at bottom the -Prism domain which responsible for the lectin activity of the toxin. We reported that the amino acid tried (composed of Asp617, Tyr654, and Tyr679) located within the putative carbohydrate-interacting pocket generate the crucial element for the VCC lectin activity. Overall, it has been established that the -Prism domain of the VCC act as structural scaffold playing a critical role in the lectin-like activity of the toxin. During the process of functional pore-formation in the lipid bilayer of the target host membrane, VCC molecule undergoes colossal structural reorganization. The -Prism domain of the VCC obtained two different positio ns with respect to the core cytolysin domain, in the monomeric precursor form (Pro-VCC) and the transmembrane pore structure. In monomeric water-soluble inactive precursor Pro-VCC, the -Prism domain positioned on the opposite side of the Pro-domain on top of the pre-stem region, whereas in the transmembrane pore structure it is relocated in the place of the Pro-domain. This structural rearrangement of the -Prism domain is mandatory for the membrane insertion, and the functional oligomeric pore-formation procedure. In the absence of such structural reorganization of the -Prism domain, it would be located in such a way that would generate steric hindrance between the contributing protomers and subsequently block the oligomerization of the toxin. Also, without such reorganization of the -Prism domain, the pre-stem loop would not be able to unfold for the membrane insertion of the toxin. Overall it appears that the -Prism domain-mediated lectin activity of the toxin tycoon act as a tri ggering mechanism to allow such structural reorganization of the -Prism domain with respect to core cytolysin domain. Our study suggested that the presence of the -Prism domain in VCC molecule is critical for the efficient membrane pore-formation of the toxin. The -Prism domain truncated variant of the toxin display abortived membrane pore-formation. However, in the absence of -Prims domain, VCC molecule could generate membrane-associate oligomers but does not show any functional membrane pore-forming activity.Structural reorganizations during oligomeric pore-formationStructural analysis of the water-soluble monomeric form and the transmembrane oligomeric structure of VCC reveal that the VCC molecule undergoes structural reorganization within the toxin monomer during the process of the oligomeric transmembrane pore-forming procedure. The most critical structural change is the unfolding the pre-stem region from the cytolysin domain, and its insertion into the lipid bilayer to generat e stem configuration. In the water soluble monomeric structure of Pro-VCC, the pre-stem region remains packed between the b-Prism domain and the cytolysin domain of the toxin. Hence, the movement of -Prism domain is essential for the conversion of pre-stem to the stem region of the toxin. During the formation of the functional pore-formation of the toxin on the membrane, the -Prism domain of the toxin reorients with respect to the central cytolysin domain by almost 180o angle, and attends the location where the Pro-domain was located in the Pro-VCC molecule structure. This reorganization of the -Prism domain of the VCC represents the second most critical structural change involved in the membrane pore-formation of the VCC toxin. The structural change in the position of the -Prism allows the pre-stem to undergo the reorganization for the following membrane insertion and the functional heptameric pore-formation process.Structural Features of the VCC -Barrel PoreEarlier study based on the Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterized the transmembrane oligomer of VCC as typical ring-like structures with the inner diameter of almost 1-2 nm. Inhibitions in the cell cytotoxic ability by the osmoprotectants of defined molecular sizes have also advised similar pre diameter for VCC oligomer pore. Single channel conductance measurement by using the VCC oligomeric pore generated in the synthetic lipid bilayer suggested that VCC produce anion-selective diffusion channels. This analysis also indicated that the VCC pore is having asymmetric pore geometry larger opening in the cis-side than in the trans-side with a narrow region at the central part of the human. The high-resolution structure of the VCC oligomer suggests cup-shaped lumen geometry of the pore. Analysis of the oligomeric pore structure also suggests that the narrow parsimoniousness near the central of the pore lumen is generated by the aromatic ring of a tryptophan residue contributed by each of the pa rticipating protomers during heptameric pore-formation.Mechanism of membrane Pore-formationThe functional pore-formation of the -PFTs involve on the membrane lipid bilayer of the target cells involves three distinct steps (i) interaction of the water-soluble monomeric form of the toxin towards the target cell membrane (ii) self-assembly of the membrane-associated monomeric toxin to generate the intermediate pre-pore oligomeric assembly on the membrane surface (iii) conversion from the transient pre-pore oligomeric assembly to the functional transmembrane pore structure. During the process of the pore-formation, the pore-forming stem-loop of the toxin inserted into the membrane lipid bilayer and generates the transmembrane -barrel structure. Many structural studies reported that the member of -PFTs follow the similar way of pore-formation on the membrane. However, each member of the -PFTs family differs from each other in the definite step towards the pore-formation process. membra ne interaction step displays enormous range of variation in term of receptor specializedity, the role of different lipid component and presence of specific carbohydrate receptor on the membrane. Notably, the molecular mechanism that involve the discrete steps for the functional pore-formation are not properly elucidate for most of the -PFTs members. The pore-formation on the membrane by VCC can resemble in the synthetic lipid bilayer liposomes indicating that the membrane association step does not critically required any particular non-lipid components. However, the membrane pore-formation is reported more efficient in the biomembrane as compared to that in the synthetic lipid bilayer of the liposomes, indicating the role of extra molecule present on the cell membrane plays significant role in the pore-formation process. For example, erythrocytes are more susceptible compared to the liposome. Notably, VCC toxin displays a different level of hemolytic activity towards the erythrocyt es of the different species. Rabbit erythrocytes are found to exhibit more sensitive as compared to the human erythrocytes. Earlier studies have suggested the role of many cell surface receptor proteins (e.g., glycophorin B on the human erythrocytes) as a potential receptor molecule for the VCC toxin. VCC displayed potent lectin-like activity towards the interacting with the cell membrane. However, the specific receptor for the VCC has not been identified. The formation of the transmembrane oligomeric pore structure can be induced in the presence of the synthetic lipid bilayer liposomes. A previous study suggested that the binding of the VCC molecule with the liposomes driven mostly by world(prenominal) amphiphilicity of the monomeric state of the toxin. However, the self-assembly of the toxin and membrane pore-formation has been observed more specific events required the specific components of the membrane. More importantly, the presence of the cholesterol in the lipid bilayer of the membrane has been reported to play critical role in the membrane pore-formation of the toxin. In our recent study, we identified the specific lipid-binding structure motif present within the cytolysin domain of the toxin. However, our study suggested that the specific motif is responsible for the lipid association in general not specific towards the cholesterol presence in the lipid bilayer of the membrane. In the pore-formation process of the VCC, the pore-forming loop of the toxin unfolds and insert into the membrane toward the generation of the functional pore-formation. It is reported that the trapping of the pore-forming stem-loop in its pres-stem configuration through engineered disulfide linkage could arrest the toxin in its pre-pore oligomeric assembly. Also, a VCC variant without the pre-stem loop is found to remain arrest in the pre-pore oligomer on the membrane surface. Overall these studies suggested that the VCC follows the archetypical -PFTs mechanism of pore-forma tion. A previous study indicated that the membrane interaction of the VCC precedes membrane oligomerization. Many environmental factors also affect the binding and oligomerization events of the toxin. For example, membrane association can occur even at a low temperature of 4 oC bandage the membrane oligomerization and functional pore-formation blocked under the similar condition. This observation clearly indicated that the association of the toxin with the target cell membrane is distinct step from its subsequent oligomerization and pore-formation steps.

Law of Protection Business Information Critique

Law of Protection Business Information CritiqueA critique of the termination of implementing the right of apology wrinkle culture in europium and the U.S.IntroductionStealing hugger-muggerive business learning and economic espionages as a event of internationalisation reveals an increase in the subscribe toment of many commercial message blocks to cheer business ideas, done a litigation process. Regional economic blocks such(prenominal) as the legal office staff of the atomic number 63an Union through its Commission as rise up as the U.S. have increased an tip of rectitudes, from the roots of the international legality provisions, so that it can protect the business firms in their jurisdictions from the vices. An measurable thing to none is that business teaching regarding the intellectual properties is unfavourable in the center for this discussion through four key beas namely the copyright issues, grapplemark issues, merchandise secrets and patent issu es.Many of the states in the case necessitate regions have come up with unhomogeneous pieces of law as wholesome as definitions of the slew secrets that they protect which is enforceable throughout the world. The process that enables application of such laws involves the provisions by international treats which tycoon lead to contractual harmonys or guide multilateral and bilateral relations amidst states. Global bodies whose conventions are legally binding such as the unify Nations withal come up with regulations which, particular(prenominal)ly, for the case, protect the way of business learning and also trade secrets through the assent by sig temperament to that body.The process of orbiculateization makes many nations to realize the many problems that all states share. so far, the capabilities and foreign policy elements of various jurisdictions are not equal. Also, if nigh of the nations decide to address the problems alone, they whitethorn not be able to come up wi th ways of defend their citizens or firms in an international platform without the swear out of the rules guiding the relations between various states. Therefore, it is important that at that place are not only globose bodies present for international protection but also institutions such as the legal departments that come up with the legislations. They should also be able to enforce it through statutory provisions in the conventions signed by parties on a voluntary basis. Ideally, no particular enforcement agency or body is independent in enforcing the laws but only possible with the help of the treaties. Some of the departments are given the directive to undertake received duties for the use of goods and services of protection of the states and their citizens against particular threats.In this case, theft and economic espionage have been on the rise prompting many nations to come up with the laws to protect firms and businesses from this spheric threat. With the increase i n technology, some of the thefts take place even through online systems, such as cyber attacks, which energy retrieve the personality of trade secrets regarding the nature of one-on-one strategies of business operations to a particular company and use it for raw competitive practices. The unify Nations conventions also have the specific legislature which addresses this issue and which guides the verbalism of constitutional laws by individual countries, to protect the trade secrets at an international level.The paper focuses on the nature and security of the business entropy, and trade secrets venerationing the United States and Europe regarding nature and extent of which the particular countries involve their legal obligations in protecting companies from economic espionage and theft in a global market. Also, the paper impart put whether the recent increase in the litigation process to protect companies from the vices is as a result of the increase number of the violation of the trade secrets law. The validating arguments for this study will arise through the survey on the pieces of legislation by the case study countries. The focus is on how they utilize international law and the maturement of local legislations to guide the nature of business practice, protection of knowledge and enhance fair competition amongst companies that face the threat of stealing trade secrets for their befit. Also, through submergence on the elements of intellectual property, the study will also involve the laws as well as the legal consequences of the violations of the provisions in each of the individual jurisdiction to establish the extent and seriousness of this problem. The purpose is to prove that the blocks are addressing the protection of trade secrets not only to their jurisdiction but also on the internationalisation of business. The structure of this paper will involve the discourse on the definitions of the firm secrets by various laws and critical analysi s, and assessment of the historical evolution of this principle at the international level. Also, it will conceptualize the law of trade secrets and a discussion of the legal complexities that surround its implementation. Further, the paper will look into the extent of application of the trade secrets principle while discussing the philosophies of intellectual property law in the individual jurisdictions. Lastly, the discussion will give examples of pro-plaintiff and pro-defendant cases as a trend arising from the implementation of trade secrets principle in the United States and Europe jurisdictions.Definitions of trade secrets under international laws and their historical evolutionsFirstly, the treaties between states and the international laws are binding on member states collectable to the ratification and implementation of the Vienna Convention on the law of treaties of 19691.The law guides the nature of international relations and in particular contributes largely to the sou rces of international law in which, its violation has consequences and can be in prosecution in the international court of justice. The treaties also observe the principles of the litigation at a global level such the equal rights and self-determination by the United Nations, which ensures that the sovereignty of all states is equal despite the economic or development differences.On this realization, close(prenominal) of the definitions of trade secrets in the international level arise from such treaties that are binding on all members states in equal measure, particularly the rules guiding the nature of conducting trade between countries. In particular, the membership of countries to the WTO is the foundation on the conventions. As an international body, therefore, special rules have to guide the relations of conducting trade between states and also fair practices that will enhance the peaceful relationship within countries. The ratification of the laws by the world trade organi zations is as a result of the deliberations of member states regarding emerging problems such theft of trade secrets and economic espionage. Also, it involves coming up with a treaty containing pieces of law with the aid of legal experts that members debate on and agree to it for the purpose of its implementation.The first explanation of the principle by the WTO refers to the perspective through Trade-Related Aspects of understanding Property Rights (TRIPS) which views the principle to be commercial and private data that are uniquely applicable to the particular company2.The law is in attendation as the first one to protect trade secrets at the international level through protecting un telld business information regarding copyrights, trademarks of firms, the patents issues and the trade secrets that may result in unfair competitions of businesses. Another important agreement that will also help subtend the trade secrets and render to its historical evolution in the internation al scene is the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property by the World Intellectual Property Organizations3.Defining trade secrets is similar among many countries which agree that the protection of this principle should have a practical value. In this case, it should involve the stakeholders of the organization and not an individual. They should not be made known to the public. Section seven of TRIPS in one of the articles by WTO outlines not only the law of protecting undisclosed information by business but also its definition. One of the definitions under this treaty by states that are members of WTO addresses the seclusion of the information. The provisions describe the protected information mustiness be secret though the vice is not obsolete. In particular, an owner of a business can reveal the secrets to the firm partners and employee, but the information should not be readily functional to the public.Also, those with the secrets should keep them that way o n avoiding giving the knowledge to the public. The second aspect is the commercial value of the trade secrets. match to the agreement of TRIPS, private business information is a set of ideas about a business that has a massive market segment, and the protection of the information is to prevent the commercial information from other competing companies that may try to derive the utility out of the trade secrets. Lastly, the definition could be as a result of maintaining secrets using efforts that are reasonable.In this case, the law defines trade secrets as those who fulfill the energy requirement by company owners in protecting their information. The protection of the secret is due to reasons beyond such efforts by an individual that have to be reasonable. Some of the reasonable efforts according to the law, therefore, refer to common law in various countries requiring contractual agreements between the company and employees on the silence as well as the confidentiality notices so that the law could be able to protect the information. In an international scene, this consists of the efforts by the companies especially the multinational ones as well as the states of being reasonable and resulting to security provision of the business ideas.In the above definitions by the treaty, it does not offer the elegant defense, especially to the technical information protection since it tends to only focus on the commercial perspective of the information. Also, the law does not protect the use information that might be confidential to a company that gets out to the public through fair means in the regular course of competitions primarily technical information such industrial designs. According to the TRIPS, the members of WTO, besides the obligation of the institution to protect commercial and confidential information, individual countries should place national systems to safeguard the businesses under their jurisdictions. However the failure of the treaty to set the sta ndards or extent of the protection, the protection rights have the substantial variation which may even hinder internationalization of business. Some of the examples of such hindrances are the breaches of contract and acquisitions by third parties as a result of misappropriation that differ across economic blocks around the world4.Articles 1 and 10bis of the Paris conventions regarding the industrial property protection is also about the TRIPS agreements as part of the scope of protecting trade secrets. In the article of the Paris conventions, for example, it outlines the requirement of a matrimony in the member states for offering safety to the ownerships of valuable data to be in application. According to the section, the trade secrets intromit the object patents, industrial designs, trade names, and trademarks, as well as the models of the utility whose sharing with other people apart from the original innovators, may result in unfair practices in the competitive environment. O n the other hand, Article 10bis of the same convention also indicates forms of unfair practices and the protection of the trade secrets from this threat. In particular, this law requires that the individual countries of the union should protect their citizens from the threat by legislating against unfair practices, awe, false allegations or indications of misleading the public. The process concerns the nature of activities of the industrial use of products across all economic sectors5.Therefore the article addresses the protection of information from the view that trade secrets involve only the intellectual property. The convention also compliments the arguments by the TRIPS regarding the fact that apart from the provisions of the agreements, there is a need for the individual states also to establish national laws. The legislations enhance the protection of property for the business especially the ones protecting the theft of information that could lead to unfair completion if in the hand of competitors.Lastly, in addition to the protection of commercial and confidential information, this convention also gives consideration to technical information which is more critical and the one that builds brands of companies such as the Walmart retail businesses and Apple technologies among other big companies with a unique innovation and presence in the world.Conceptualization of trade secrets lawDifferent states have different opinions regarding the premises of the legislation on providing protection to business concepts at risk. For example, to Europe, an English law on trade secrets is on the presumption breach of confidence regarding the trade secrecy. In the U.S., the premise of the protection law company secrecy is through protection of the business information. Some scholars do conclude that no unified theory explains the trade secrets law but however recognizes that it is a collection of norms as well as approaches that offer protection to business informati on. Therefore, the normative and conceptual ideas indicate that the definition of property extends beyond the actual ownerships to take on products as a result of innovation and forms of labor. Also, the rise in the global concern over the issue reveals that the need for protection of this kind of information is critical in enhancing the relations between states. Though other people may view trade secrets as not being property, the future developments of law that protect their rights facilitate the concept that the characteristics of the business information meet the ownership status. The concept goes even further through law provisions in some of the jurisdictions to indicate the fact that the supply of such rights constitutes a duty. For example in the US, the protection of this nature of business property through rights implies that the information has the potential of compensation under the federal official constitution. On the other hand, European nations do not consider info rmation as property but instead nominate procedures and solutions to facilitate the claims of intellectual properties. Examples of such laws in the European states include the economics and trade secrets law.Therefore, there is the existence of the concept of trade secrecy among many nations. The was increasing efforts through conventions, as well as national legislation in individual states, shows the global concern of the consistent trait of the abuse of property rights under the law of various jurisdictions. The underlying reason, such as the increasing economic espionage cases and the efforts by the governments concern to respond to adverse effects of theft of business information that is confidential, shows that the concept exists. Besides, the consistent nature towards the traits through the consequences of globalization identifies the duty of the international bodies to come up with legally binding agreements. They protect companies from the character of this threat clearly shows the emergence of the concepts as well as the trend of the risk that changes with both levels of technology and internationalization of businesses which also require continued efforts of revising the law to protect the ideation of the businesses from theft.Underlying philosophies of law on intangiblesThe discussions around trade secrets in most cases tend to involve the concept of copyright protection. Therefore, it is essential to understand the nature of the concept as well as the underlying principle to enhance the later discussion concerning the extent to which both the United States of America and Europe apply the law of trade secrets in their respective jurisdictions. Also, the basis of the case laws that show the pro-plaintiff and the pro-defendant is this concept especially by and by the implementation of particular laws in the region as a global trend today.Intellectual property refers to the inventions, creative works, and use of symbols, names or images that signal ize with a particular company for commercial purposes. On this basis, the intellectual property could be divided into industry ownership and copyright issues. Some of the problems associated with industrial properties include trademarks designs and geographical indications. On the other hand, copyright involves writings and artistic works, and architectural drawings. In some cases, performing artists such as singers have specific rights which carry on to copyrighting. The same applies to recordings by both radio broadcasts and television programs among other examples that copyright their material to prevent other people from using the information without their permission which in most cases involve attaching a commercial value for the usage of the products.The intellectual property rights include the allowance of individuals as well as companies with unique information to profit from their work or ideas regarding the commercial use of their products. Some universal treaties, such as the universal declaration of human rights in Article 27 outline some of these rights6. Also, apart from the Paris Convention for the protection of industrial property in the earlier discourse, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and delicate Works of 1886 by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) also provides some of the rights7. Such incidences of protection of the kind of properties indicate that there are crucial reasons why the world organizations should legislate to protect trade secrets. One of the reasons is that legal protection, especially to new creations in culture and technology, encourages many companies to come up with supportive measures such as additional resources for new products that will improve humanity.Also, through this protection, the countries could experience faster economic growth, higher quality of life as well as opening up of the employment opportunities. Therefore, the protection creates a level of the interest of pe ople with the idea and also the citizen concerns that many states serve. The occurrence of common problems through the globe also require the efforts of agreements such as through the convention to help protect the common international interests of member states since the occurrence of some of the problems such theft of information has no boundaries.Patents offer exclusive rights to inventions or technical solutions towards particular problems in most cases up to twenty years. They are necessary to provide incentives to the investors as recognition of their creativity and innovation. Patents offer protection that prevents the information from commercial production, distribution or use without consent from the owner. In this scenario, the courts enforce the protection of these rights. A patent holder could, therefore, have the exclusive right to give the information to anyone of their choice with particular confidential requirements of not sharing. Once the period expires, then the i nformation can be free for use by the public.A trademark refers to a unique sign that is in the identification of a particular role of product. The clients using the product have a relation with that particular sign. Other companies may try to copy the trademark as the way to create confusion within the customers and therefore, have an opportunity to make some of the clients to buy their products that result in unfair competition practices. Trademark protection, therefore, ensures that the owners have the rights of using the mark unaccompanied as a brand of their products. The courts determination also enforces the legal complexities surrounding the issues. They promote the recognition and financial gains by individuals or enterprises. They can consist of drawings, symbols, or numerical having distinguishing features. The registration of the trademarks is widespread in many countries, but however, in most cases, the impact of the brands might be restricted to the individual countr ies.A geographical indication is a particular location in which the product originates due to its reputation due to the place. For example, Arabian coffee or electrical appliances manufactured by the United Kingdom among others indicate that the location of that production is pregnant for the usage of the product. Some people might locally produce or make the products that constitute limitations for financial gain and unfair competition practices aimed at only making the profit using another companys geographical indicator. Some of the valuable reputations are unguarded to misuse and are interpretation hence the need to protect them. In most cases, the protection is through national laws under other provisions of the law on rights. Also, WIPO through international agreements such as the Lisbon agreement and other meetings that allow member states to enhance international protection.The last one involves the copyrights where the owner of such rights can be able to prohibit or permi t the use of their information that is of their originality. The examples of these applications may include a reproduction of content, public performance, broadcasting, talking to translation or hook up withion to other forms with the consent of the owner. The law applies to right from the production, distribution and to the end user of the products. The economic rights regarding the copyrights also allow companies to purchase some of the rights or give compensation for the use of the content by an individual or business such as through partnerships. In most cases, the nature of this relationship is through the directive of contractual agreements for enforcement by law8.The protection of the copyright rights enhances creativity and innovation. However, with the increasing scientific advancement, some of the materials may be readily available through online platforms. Organizations such as the WIPO through the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCI) also provide the rights9. Also, the WIPO Pe rformances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) provide the rights of using creative workers over the internet to as to protect the copyright of the owner regarding usability and economic compensations10.Critique of the extent of business information law in EuropeRecently, protecting business ideas in Europe has made progress of legislative developments as a result of the involvement of the European Commission and ratification by the European Parliament. One of the major, legal arsenals of the industrial players in Europe is the use of patent law to protect their technology. Reports reveal concerns that the laws are not sufficient to address the problem of industrial espionage in the technological fields. In particular, the issue discusses the threat of leaking such information through former workers in companies, contractors or the other third parties.The legal complexities that both the industrial players and the European Union involve in are due to two primary reasons. The first reason i s that recognition of the need to protect the trade secrets will help increase the levels of innovation in Europe and allow it to compete in an efficient manner with other jurisdictions having more protection such as the United States. The second reason is to provide a response to the increasing cases of stealing of technology within European businesses.One of the litigation to enhance the national laws is to tone the proposed directive which aims at breaching the gap through harmonization of existing laws. There is need to review the company laws will also help in increasing the research and development activities by balancing the leveling of the trade secret protection throughout the Europe countries to reach the same levels11.The formulation process is attentive to ensure fair competition between various companies and the issue regarding the freedom of workers and their mobility in implementing it. Also, the legislation has to put into consideration the avoidance of restricting the independent contractors. The reasons include the fact that the scope of protection that goes beyond patent rights only and that trade secret do not only involve technological products but information with commercial value too. The need for the new legislation is the increase in the theft through digital platforms involving activities such as cyber-attacks that might potentially disclose the confidential information to the particular regarding a particular company.As a result, a report by European Commission study on secrecy off information of companies shows the use of the protection of the company secrets across all the European countries. Lastly, the definition of trade secrets as the know-how through the European Commission engineering science Transfer Block Exemption Regulation (TTBER) also requires review to widen the definition scope12. According to Article 1.1(i) of TTBER, trade secrets are not known or accessible, have strong use in production and contractual activities and not easily identified. Therefore, through the implementation of the litigation content, the nature of business practice will involve fairness, and positive development through better protection of the trade secrets.Critique of the extent of trade secrets in the USThe United States is one of the most advanced countries regarding the protection of trade secrets through the international law application, the federal law and lastly the state law. In the US, the trade secret refers to confidential information that is also commercial which gives a substantial competitive advantage13. Some of the trade secrets include customer lists, marketing strategies, and pricing information. One of such secrets is the Coca-Cola formula for its products. Today, the trade secrets are increasingly becoming among the most significant valuable assets that are not tangible. The theft of these trade secrets leads to massive losses especially by the American firms to leaks by employees, foreign governmen ts and lastly through corporate competitions. Most of the theft occurs through cyber-attacks, advanced technology, and communication devices which increase anonymity of the individuals or organizations behind the vice.In the United States, protecting information on companies lies in the jurisdiction regarding the law of states. However, the other elements such as patent information, trademarks and copyrights are a responsibility of the federal law. According to the state law, the owners of a trade secret could file lawsuits against the known individuals that misappropriate such information. In the federal law, statutes such as the Economic Espionage recreate (EEA) 1996 many also protect through prosecution, in particular, a situation where the confidential information many benefit another foreign state, instruments or agent14. In a case where the information is for use in interstates, the law also applies in ensuring that the owner of that kind of information gets protected from th e usage of that information without their consent. According to this law, the attorney general has a legal duty to bring to a civil action or obtain an injunction that is against any violation.However, it is difficult for the federal government to adequately protect the trade secrets whose owners are the US citizens. The reason is that the US department of justice, as well as the federal bureau of investigation, has little power regarding the enforcement of the law on violations of trade secrets. In particular, their investigative and prosecution duty is not in facilitation with the provisions of the law. However, through urging the Congress to adopt a more elaborate law including the federal trade secret law that is consistent across the states, it will allow dealing more effectively the problem of stealing trade secrets. The process could help most of the companies in the US to seek injunctions relief as well as the monetary benefit especially in cases in violating theft of the business information as well as assets.One of the legislations in the 114th Congress that will give the power of private action to the federal government includes the Defend Trade Secrets Act (DTSA) (H.R. 3326 and S. 1890)15. The process is through a substitute amendment to the statute through the house senate terrace committee in early 2016. The Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA) of 1979 is the first effort by law through the National Conference of Commissioners on uniform state law before the effort by the federal government of the espionage act16.Regarding the state laws, the law of the common torts applies for cases involving misappropriation. The UTSA helps through consolidating the universal laws that Forty-seven states have adopted. The Senate court Committee continues to increase in the application of procedural and substantive standards towards protection of trade secrets. Enforceable laws under the federal government that will protect secrecy of the ideas of business the T rade Secrets Act and the Economic Espionage Act17. The first one involves a warning to government officials not to disclose information that is confidential as well as trade secrets enacted in 1948. The consequences could lead to removal from office.On the other hand, the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 is to address increasing threats to the US businesses hence the scheme to protect trade secrets. The act involves two offenses which include stealing business data to make gains to another states organization or individual and also the trade secret theft for a financial benefit of another party. Lastly, through the international law, the United States offers a more elaborate legal protection of the trade secrets. The US complies with the provisions of TRIPS as well as the provisions of the WTO18. Also, through provisions of other bilateral or multilateral Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are significant in the protection of the intellectual property through the delivery of TRIPS agreement 19.Pro-Plaintiff or Pro-Defendant Trends Arising From the Implementati

Democracy And Freedom | Azerbaijan

Democracy And granting immunity AzerbaijanTo begin this paper, I give define what Democracy is and what Freedom is. In this paper, I will illustrate and evaluate the most ch onlyengeable inconveniences that Azerbaijan faces, now more present than ever. Then, I will explain why is Freedom and Democracy are firm to obtain in Azerbaijan and what has been done so far to change the existing authoritarian government.Democracy can be defined as a theory, in which the supreme power is established by the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a method of representation. In semipolitical theory, democracy depicts a small number of affiliated forms of government and a political philosophy. Democracy comprises two principles- equality and exemption. These principles are portrayed by all citizens macrocosm equal before the law, and having equal approach to power where all citizens are promised certain legitimized exhaustdom and liberty, which are mostly protected by a constitution.1Freedom can be classified into two concepts positive freedom and negative freedom. Positive freedom is freedom to do something rather than freedom from interfering. Negative freedom is a content of options that are open for a person or people in general it is a matter of X being free to be Z. 2In Azerbaijan, there are varieties of political parties representing diverse ideological and policy stages. In this sense, Azerbaijan has achieved one basic feature of pluralistic classless politics.3 policy-making parties in my country, mostly weak and small, and do not play a main role in topic political life. A number of influences bear to this weakness. Azerbaijan is a presidential republic, and the constitutional determination of the presidency has been reinforced by the powerful political persona as I. Aliyev. Politics in general dust highly personalized, with few-high-profile individuals dominating the area. The personalizations of politics have gone further in my co untry, where Aliyev stakeers and pro-government press from a sycophants refrain to praise the president. In this context, the pro-government parties tent to become vehicles for mobilizing support for the president in parliament, while other parties often serve the same purpose for leading resistor politicians, readily splitting and adjusting to keep up with the incessant disputes and divisions that take on a more or less personal level between their leaders. In Azerbaijan, up to date, there are more than 36 political partiesPro-government parties (like New Azerbaijan Party) have unworthyly defined ideological or policy profiles advance the careers of stalwarts.It is hard to maintain a powerful doctrine in any key positive improvement towards to democracy and freedom in Azerbaijan. The corrupted police state is well set up between all ranks of society that it looks unbreakable.6 People are used to perceiving elections and oppose within themselves. This is the idea of the civil pr oposal with deep scepticism and a sense of desperation. Those who talk well-nigh or try to act in favour of transformation are devastating their lives chasing the freedom. For example, Equality Party stated in May 2005, in Azerbaijan national radio, that Ehtiram Jalilov- deputy head of Azerbaijans National Democratic Party became the second opposition activist to die in unexplained circumstances during the upcoming presidential elections.In July 2009, Freedom House published results of research that calculated countrys political rights, civil Liberties, and status. Freedom House argues that with the population of 8,700,000, the score of Political Rights Score is six, Civil Liberties is volt and the Status is said to be Not Free. In an Overview, Freedom House declares following, President Ilham Aliyev and the ruling Yeni Azerbaijan Party further marginalized the political opposition and other institutions of democratic accountability in 2008. The governments fierce suppression of m edia freedom was integral to Aliyevs victory in a determineled presidential election in October.7 For example, while Azerbaijans constitution vivid freedom of speech the authorities absolutely bound press freedom in reality. Novruzali Mamedov, editor of the intelligence informationpaper Talyshi Sado had been in state custody since February 2007, initially on a trumped-up charge of resisting arrest, which was then changed to a treason charge, who died in prison house on august 2009.8Azerbaijans authorities primarily do not set educational freedom. However, my elder brother had practiced political pressure in State University of Azerbaijan. That pressure included reported threats to lower my brothers grades when he contributed in opponent political activity. Another example is that my father was disregarded as a teacher in college because of his membership in opposition parties.The government limits freedom of the legislature, curiously for opposition parties. Azerbaijans governm ent commands key judicial commissions and there is no indication that the court system is capable of bringing the government to book when it behaves unconstitutionally, or securing citizens rights against absolute government action. Although Azerbaijani legislators have approved several laws to enhance freedom of information, the law of the Azerbaijan Republic grants legislative ground for an independent judiciary, in practice resolve do not role independently of the executive branch.9 The judiciary is corrupt, inefficient, and obedient. Incidental arrests and detention are very common, particularly for members of the political opposition. Prisoners are often reticent for long periods before trial, and their access to lawyers is constrained. My military commander Gadir Musayev was victim of Azerbaijans corrupt systems. He was arrested during presidential elections and denied defend by legal lawyer. As he claims, prison conditions were extreme with many prisoners suffering from ove rcrowding and insufficient medical care, he was not given adequate medical care in prison. Azerbaijani authorities refused to render independent medical treatment offered by a European Union delegation that visited Mamedov in prison in June.Musayev was one of the few lucky political prisoners who were liberated from prison with help of International Human Rights Organization.Corrupt leaders that bound the equality of opportunity control major parts of the economy. As I mentioned earlier, followers of the political opposition face job loss, exile, and dismissal.Public norms and poor economic conditions in Azerbaijan restrict womens professional roles. Domestic violence in Azerbaijan is a crisis moreover, there are no laws to stop spousal abuse. Women can go to court for violence, but poor social values restrict them from doing it.According to amnesty International, Azerbaijan is among eight authoritarian countries on the territory of the former USSR.10 To give a clear view what is authoritarian means I will clarify the authoritarianism. totalism is a political doctrine supporting the principle of absolute regularize dictatorship, totalitarianism and absolutism. Authoritarianism indicates any political system that concentrates authority in the hand of a leader or small elite. Authoritarian leaders often exercise power arbitrarily and without consideration to existing organizations of law. The freedom to formulate opposition political leagues is either limited or nonexistent in authoritarian regimes.11In Azerbaijan, National society institutions weakened, while presidential powers were exceedingly reinforced in 2008. Many themes are off-limits to journalists, who generally practice self-censorship to prevent the dangerous consequences.12 These include national security issues, excessively powerful or personal attacks on the president, and specific declarations about decadence and criminal businesses activities. At the minimum four journalists, jailed for th eir professional activity, remain in Azerbaijani prisons. The government disciplines widespread control over electronic media and silences all alternative voices. The authorities stopped broadcasts of BBC on local frequencies from January 1st. The move essentially guarantees a monopoly for state-controlled media and prevents any independent news broadcasts from reaching the Azeri people.13Corruption is one of the main problems obstructing democratic growths in Azerbaijan. Efforts to improve the situation on a legislative level fail at the occupation phase, as the state agencies authorized to conduct anti corruption activity are believed to be among the most corrupt agencies in the country. However, the countrys government reinforced its rule by elevating a prohibition from a third term presidency, which may lead to the life long presidency of Ilham Aliyev. The situation with freedom is estimated to stay poor as the government continues to silence judgmental voices in the country an d disregard the international communitys calls for reformations.14Government of Azerbaijan wants us to welcome those who are constrained to act by their unlawful rules in order to endure teachers, farmers, law enforcement officers, entry and middle level civil employees, striving businessmen those many souls captured in the net of corruption are as considerably responsible as the very leadership that runs the system. They wish that everyone would suffer enough blame to be helpless of feeling and extracting ordered clean crime at their outrageous actions. The hidden part of their skilful indoctrination machine works day and night to install into the community the guilty verdict. Nevertheless, the larceny, tyranny, praise, moral putrefaction, mistrust and skepticism are the products of their own deliberate actions, not some certain providence or ancient devastation.

alcatraz Essay -- essays research papers

An icon of power and strength, Alcatraz has become the single most recognizablesymbol of American society. Situated in the San Francisco Bay, one cant support butbe drawn to the rocky shore, the dark walls, and the lone light tower sanding coldagainst a picturesque sunset imagining what it would have been like to beincarcerated in one of the worlds most infamous prisons. Discovered in 1775 by the Spanish explorer Juan Miguel de Ayala, La Isla de losAlcatraces was little more than a rock inhabited by a group of pelicans from whichthe island bears its name (Alcatraces meaning pelicans in Spanish). However, in1847 the US government began to look at it as lots more. Strategically placed atthe mouth of the San Francisco Bay it was the perfect site for a military fort. By1853 a state of the art military resistance was protecting the Western United Statesagainst foreign infiltration. In 1861, with outbreak of the Civil War, Alcatraz beganreceiving its first military prisoners. However, i t wasnt until 1898 and the Spanish-American War that the isolation of the island that made it an untroubled militaryinstallation also made it an inescapable prison. During this war the prisonerpopulation jumped from 26 to 450. That number spiked again as civil prisoners weretransferred from urban center jails after the famous 1906 earthquake. With the islandbecoming more and more a prison and less and less a military fort, a cell housewas make in 1912. This is generally felt to be the p...

Free Billy Budd Essays: A Deconstructive Reading :: Billy Budd Essays

A Deconstructive Reading of Billy Budd   Billy, who cannot understand ambiguity, who takes pleasant words at governing body value and then obliterates Claggart for suggesting that one could do otherwise, whose sudden blow is a violent denial of any discrepancy between his being and his doing, ends up radically illustrating the very discrepancy he denies. - Barbara Johnson, p. 86   With Barbara Johnsons splendid Critical Difference we are willy-nilly plunged into deconstruction. At the moment I shall not attempt to excuse this radical and highly subversive critical mode, except to say that what you are close to to see is an example of it. At the moment you may well look (being, as you undoubtedly are, still very impressed by Drydens splendidly anti-naïve exhibiting), you mean it is possible to be even more intelligent about Melvilles news report? I remember asking myself the same thing when I first noticed the chapter in Barbara Johnsons book on Billy Budd. But I beg an to read it anyway and I soon found myself in the throes of a critically different excitement The first thing that truly grabbed my attention was a stimulus Johnson makes apropos of the following quotation from Melvilles story innocence and guilt personified by Claggart and Budd in effect changed places (62). The narrator says this apropos of Billy having killed Claggart. This is what Barbara Johnson says apropos of the passage in question Interestingly enough, Melville both invites an allegorical reading and subverts the very terms of its consistency when he writes of the murder Innocence and guilt . . . (83). Now thats deconstruction, folks Both invites . . . and subverts? wow   Needless to say, ALL CLAIMS JOHNSON MAKES FOR HER READING ARE SUPPORTED BY MELVILLES TEXT. What does Johnson, then, claim? I shall try to be as brief as possible about this splendidly anti-naïve reading. Johnsons first item on the agenda is to put into question Billys innocence. (Melville hims elf tells us that innocence was Billys blinder 49.) She asks us to consider Billy a miscellanea of reader (Johnson calls him a literal reader 85). Billy is a literal reader in that he seems to take things at face value. He seems to believe, in fact, that things are what they seem to be. If Claggart appears to be nice to Billy (and he does) then Claggart must be nice to Billy (he isnt, of course).